Wilson in December After lengthy debate, the bill passed the House by a considerable margin. The bill proposed moderate downward revisions in the tariff, especially on raw materials. The bill was next considered in the Senate, where opposition was stronger. Some voted partly out of a personal enmity toward Cleveland. By the time the bill passed the Senate, it had more than amendments attached that nullified most of the reforms.
The Sugar Trust in particular lobbied for changes that favored change at the expense of the consumer. Cleveland was outraged with the final bill, and denounced it as a disgraceful product of the control of the Senate by trusts and business interests.
Even so, he believed it was an improvement over the McKinley tariff and allowed it to become law without his signature. The election for president of the United States saw Grover Cleveland of New York, the incumbent president and a Democrat, try to secure a second term against the Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, a former U.
Senator from Indiana. Tariff policy was the principal issue in the election. Harrison took the side of industrialists and factory workers who wanted to keep tariffs high, while Cleveland strenuously denounced high tariffs as unfair to consumers. His opposition to Civil War pensions and inflated currency also made enemies among veterans and farmers. On the other hand, he held a strong hand in the South and border states, and appealed to former Republican Mugwumps.
The economy was prosperous and the nation was at peace, but Cleveland lost reelection in the Electoral College, even though he won a plurality of the popular vote by a narrow margin. Harrison was sworn into office on March 4, Harrison had campaigned as a supporter of the merit system, as opposed to the spoils system. Although some U. Congress was widely divided on the issue, and Harrison was reluctant to address the issue because he feared alienating either side.
Harrison quickly saw the enactment of the Dependent and Disability Pension Act in , a cause he had championed while in Congress. In addition to providing pensions to disabled Civil War veterans, regardless of the cause of their disability, the act depleted some of the troublesome federal budget surplus. The 51st U. The 51st Congress was responsible for a number of pieces of landmark legislation, many of which expanded the authority of the federal government.
Emboldened by their success in the elections of , the Republicans enacted virtually their entire platform during their first day session, including a measure that provided American Civil War veterans with generous pensions and expanded the list of eligible recipients to include noncombatants and the children of veterans.
Grover Cleveland had vetoed a similar bill in Other important legislation passed into law by the Congress included the McKinley tariff, authored by representative, and future president, William McKinley. The 51st Congress also was responsible for passing the Land Revision Act of , which created the national forests. Other bills were discussed but failed to pass, including two significant pieces of legislation focused on ensuring African Americans the right to vote.
Henry Cabot Lodge sponsored a so-called Lodge Bill that would have established federal supervision of congressional elections so as to prevent the disfranchisement of southern blacks. Henry W. Blair sponsored the Blair Education Bill, which advocated the use of federal aid for education in order to frustrate Southern whites employing literacy tests to prevent blacks from registering to vote. Privacy Policy. Skip to main content. The Gilded Age: — Search for:.
Civil Service Reform. Civil Service Reform The Stalwarts, a faction of the Republican Party in the late nineteenth century, opposed civil service reform and favored machine politics. Learning Objectives Summarize efforts made to reform the civil service system. A stalemate occurred between the Half-Breeds and the Stalwarts, and a compromise was struck to nominate a decent, less abrasive man: James Garfield. Instead of giving federal jobs to political supporters, Rutherford B.
Hayes wished to award them by merit according to an examination that all applicants would take. Hayes made strides toward eliminating political patronage in government jobs during his administration. Key Terms reform : Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved. Arthur : October 5, —November 18, The 21st president of the United States — , who took office after the assassination of President James A. Arthur overcame suspicions about his beginnings as a politician by embracing the cause of civil service reform.
No Senator or Representative could make a recommendation to hire a candidate, they could only offer character references. Finally, the act held that only two members of the same could serve in the civil service at the same time. The act prohibited civil servants from using federal money or buildings for political purposes.
It also banned them from coercing a subordinate to make any sort of political donation or action. Section 14 of the act issued a blanket ban on payments by civil servants to other civil servants to obtain political favors.
Ballotpedia features , encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. Click here to contact our editorial staff, and click here to report an error. Click here to contact us for media inquiries, and please donate here to support our continued expansion. Share this page Follow Ballotpedia. What's on your ballot? Jump to: navigation , search. Epstein Federalist No. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs U.
Robbins Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council Skidmore v. Humphrey's Executor v. Volpe More court cases. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source. The term was used particularly in politics of the United States, where the federal government operated on a spoils system until the Pendleton Act was passed in due to a civil service reform movement. Thereafter the spoils system was largely replaced by nonpartisan merit at the federal level of the United States.
The act was signed into law by President Chester A. The Pendleton Act provided that Federal Government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit and that Government employees be selected through competitive exams. The correct answer is the second one.
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