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Dyspnea is usually caused by disorders of the lungs or heart see table Some Causes and Features of Shortness of Breath Some Causes and Features of Shortness of Breath Shortness of breath—what doctors call dyspnea—is the unpleasant sensation of having difficulty breathing. People experience and describe shortness of breath differently depending on the cause Asthma Asthma Asthma is a condition in which the airways narrow—usually reversibly—in response to certain stimuli.
Coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath that occur in response to specific triggers are Pneumonia Overview of Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection of the small air sacs of the lungs alveoli and the tissues around them. Pneumonia is one of the most common causes of death worldwide.
Often, pneumonia is the final Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is persistent narrowing blocking, or obstruction of the airways occurring with emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis, or both disorders. This blockage causes unstable angina or heart attack myocardial infarction , depending on the location and amount A person with angina usually has discomfort or pressure beneath the Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary Embolism PE Pulmonary embolism is the blocking of an artery of the lung pulmonary artery by a collection of solid material brought through the bloodstream embolus —usually a blood clot thrombus or However, such people may also develop another disorder.
For example, people with long-standing asthma may have a heart attack, or people with chronic heart failure may develop pneumonia. People who have lung disorders often experience dyspnea when they physically exert themselves. During exercise, the body makes more carbon dioxide and uses more oxygen. The respiratory center in the brain speeds up breathing when blood levels of oxygen are low or blood levels of carbon dioxide are high.
If the heart or lungs are not functioning normally, even a little exertion can dramatically increase the breathing rate and dyspnea. Dyspnea is so unpleasant that people avoid exertion. As the lung disorder becomes more severe, dyspnea may occur even at rest. In restrictive lung disorders such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is the most common form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis affects mostly people over the age of 50, usually former smokers. Severe curvature of the spine scoliosis Scoliosis Scoliosis is abnormal curvature of the spine. Scoliosis can be present at birth or can develop during adolescence.
Mild forms may cause only mild discomfort, but more severe forms can cause In obstructive disorders such as COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is persistent narrowing blocking, or obstruction of the airways occurring with emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis, or both disorders. Because airways widen during inhalation, air can usually be pulled in.
However, because airways narrow during exhalation, air cannot be exhaled from the lungs as fast as normal, and people wheeze and breathing is labored. Dyspnea results when too much air is left in the lungs after exhaling. People with asthma have dyspnea when they have an attack. Doctors typically advise people to keep an inhaler on hand to use during an attack.
The drug in the inhaler helps open the airways. The heart pumps blood through the lungs. Do not try to self-diagnose the cause of your shortness of breath — always see a GP.
Page last reviewed: 20 October Next review due: 20 October Shortness of breath. Immediate action required: Call if:. Due to the potential for numerous medical conditions and some life-threatening complications, shortness of breath is a symptom that should be taken seriously.
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What causes dyspnea? Symptoms When to see a doctor Diagnosis Treatment Outlook The sensation of feeling unable to take a deep breath is also known as dyspnea, or shortness of breath.
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