Different greenhouse gases contribute differently in global warming due to their unique physical and chemical properties, molecular weight and the lifetime in the atmosphere. A simple working method can calculate the relative contribution of the unit emissions of each gas relative to the cumulative CO 2 unit emissions over a fixed period of time [ 20 , 21 ].
Therefore, global warming potential GWP can be defined as the warming effect of any greenhouse gas relative to CO 2 over a certain period of time. Greenhouse gas emissions from various sources have led to climate change, which has been accompanied by an increase in greenhouse gases [ 22 , 23 ].
Greenhouse gas emissions change the Climate that is a global issue having significantly negative impacts on economic growth humans, and natural resources [ 24 , 25 , 26 ].
Among all the greenhouse gases, CO 2 and CH 4 cause major global surface temperature increase [ 28 ]. These gases are emitted by natural and anthropogenically. After carbon dioxide, methane is the second gas that contributes to global warming.
Methane has larger impacts as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, with global warming potential GWP s 21—25 times higher than CO 2 [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. Agriculture activities often release harmful chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers [ 33 ]. Organic matter gradually reduces the water and oxygen in soil during flooding of rice fields; as a result, methane is produce by anaerobic decomposition [ 34 , 35 ]. Globally methane emission is much lower than CO 2 emissions annually.
Naturally it is emitted by marshland [ 39 ], termites, wildfires [ 36 ], grasslands [ 36 ], coal seams [ 40 ] and lakes [ 41 ]. Human sources of methane include public solid waste landfills coal mine paddy fields oil and gas drilling, pastures rising main sewers, wastewater treatment plants, manure management and agricultural products.
Volcanic eruptions also contribute huge quantities of particles into the environment. Majorly an amount of 3. Forest fires of rural areas produce large amounts of all kind of particulate matter including carbon black.
Among other sources of natural pollution of air includes lighting in the sky that generate significant quantities of oxides of nitrogen NO x ; hydrogen sulphide produced from oceans algae and marshy methane. Additionally, concentrations of ozone at ground level, formed because of reaction of nitrogen gases and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. As far as the human sources are concerned in urban areas, air pollutants come from human-activities, such as cars, trucks, air planes, marine engines, etc.
Nowadays, vehicles on the road constitute the major source of air pollution in the populated areas of countries. Carbon constituted fossil fuels produces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons whereas NO x a combination of nitrogen and oxygen gases produced at high temperature. Another very significant thing that road transport accounts a major source of air pollution [ 52 ]. It is specified that road transport is the second source of air emissions up to Countries, departments and researchers all over the world are dealing for several forms of mitigations for air pollution.
In order to restrict global warming, there is a need to take different measures. Important is the addition of more renewable energy sources, substituting gasoline vehicles with zero-emission vehicles as electric vehicles. As an example rapid industrial expansion is China. In china the government is supporting coal-fired power plant. Similarly, in the United States, emission standards setting has improved the air quality, especially in places of worth importance.
Contrarily by adding ventilation, using air purifiers, purifying radon gas, running exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens and avoiding smoking people can avoid indoor air pollution. While working on a home project, use paint and other products with less volatile compounds. Countries all over the globe have commitments to limit carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases in the light of Paris Agreement [ 53 , 54 ] banning hydrophobic hydrocarbons HFCs other than chlorofluorocarbon CFCs [ 55 ].
In this method carbon dioxide is extracted from the air using a solid or liquid adsorbent. Examples of mostly used solid adsorbents include, activated carbon, zeolite, or activated alumina whereas liquid sorbents include, high pH solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide some organic solvents such as monoethanolamine [ 56 , 57 ]. A method for capturing carbon dioxide from the air includes a number of steps including exposing CO 2 in air to a solution containing an alkali to obtain an alkaline solution that absorbs the carbon dioxide [ 56 ].
Incomplete combustion of biomass results into production of hazardous gases. The main sources of such emissions are burning of wood, domestic waste, agricultural residues, waste, and charcoal. In developing economies combustion of biomass generally refers to the biofuels combustion for heating, lighting purposes and cooking in small combustion equipment.
Because the conditions of burning and types of these fuels vary widely, measures for this category are highly difficult and uncertain to predict. Produced of methane by coalification process, and vegetation is transformed into coal by many environmental conditions [ 58 ]. The amount of methane gas evolved by mining operations is a function of two main factors: coal depth and coal level [ 59 ].
From coal mining, there are four main sources of methane emissions, which are underground coal mines and surface coal mines. These processes account for most of the global emissions of methane from mining. Surface coal mines emit much lower methane as compare to underground coal mines because generally coal mines are at lower rank and capture methane into methane during post-mining operations.
Activities of coal mining and processing, continues after operations which emit the methane [ 60 ]. Methane emissions through rice production and cultivation can be decreased by selecting proper rice varieties, fertilizers, and water systems. It has been proved that larger total weight rice varieties emit less methane [ 61 , 62 ].
Application of potassium fertilizer during flowering period drainage reduce methane emissions. For the production of liquid natural gas and to run leachate evaporators landfill gas can be directly used as fuel.
In industrial processes such as kiln operations, boilers, drying operations, and asphalt and cement production landfill methane gas can be used and transported. Natural gas collected from landfills can be transported to local industries directly and use as an alternative or supplementary fuel [ 64 ].
Shifting to low-carbon fuels from high-carbon can be comparatively cost-effective principle to reduce the emissions of gaseous because this enhance the efficiency of combustion and reduce the amount of pollutants. In addition, briquette coal and carbon burnout techniques are used in fuel based power plants to minimize the production of pollutants. This pre-combustion method requires almost no hardware changes to the facility and therefore has a lower investment cost.
There are some essential interrogations about the opportunities that exist for converting fuels in a cost-effective manner. Fuel choices are usually industry dependent, so cost-effective alternatives are limited however, some special opportunities to replace coal-fired boilers with natural gas fired gas-driven steam production; and use natural gas instead of coal to burn blast furnaces [ 65 ]. Improved fuel efficiency and reduced standard pollutant emissions depends on variable fuel costs which cannot be completely estimated.
According to an estimate carbon depletion can save 1. Carbon reductions achieved from ash, by replacing the production of Portland cement is estimated to reduce , tons of carbon dioxide annually [ 66 ]. The most damaging greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, is released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels. Factory emissions contribute greatly to the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Industry and electrical generating factories contribute slightly more than 50 percent of greenhouse gases. Another harmful gas from the use of fossil fuels is sulfur dioxide, a key ingredient in the formation of acid rain.
Sulfur dioxide, however, is a double-edged sword. While it contributes greatly to acid rain, its presence in the atmosphere helps cool the air to counteract the heating caused by carbon dioxide. Another key air pollutant is ozone. Ozone is composed of three oxygen atoms, which is one more atom than needed for breathable oxygen. The third atom creates corrosive oxygen that can damage lungs.
Although ozone is useful in the upper atmosphere where it blocks ultraviolet radiation from the sun, it is harmful to human health when present in large quantities in the lower atmosphere. Air pollution from factories and vehicles creates ground ozone problems, or smog, that presents significant health issues.
Factories, particularly through the use of large industrial air conditioners, can also release destructive gases, contributing to the depletion of ozone in the upper atmosphere where it is needed. A particular kind of factory called an animal factory, or a concentrated animal feeding operation CAFO , causes a great deal of air, land and water pollution. CAFOs are highly industrialized and used to produce meat or dairy products in large quantities. These factories produce gases like methane, ammonia and others that lower air quality and are harmful to health.
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